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Histology and Embriology

Università degli studi di pavia - facoltà di medicina e chirurgia

Laurea magistralis (6 - year programme) in

      MEDICINE and SURGERY

Embriological stage of 2-blastomeres (rabbit)

Course content

Assesment and exams

For the the student is a must to identify cells, subcellular structures and tissues, to identify microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics and to discuss the functional aspects directly associated to specific morphological organization.

Through the study of gametogenesis, both male and female, fertilization and the early stages of embryonic development, the student must acquire the knowledge of the modification of primitive embryonic layers, until to the outline of originating organs.

With the integrated study of Histology and Embriology, the learning objective for the student is to identify and describe the fine mechanisms of cell differentiation, histogenesis and embryogenesis.

 

Introduction: The morphological method. Protoplasm chemical and physical constitution. Cell proliferation, differentiation and origin of tissues. Histological techniques: optical istruments for studying cells and tissues.

Cytology: Procariotes and Eucariotes. Cytoplasm and nuceus. Cytoplasmic organelles. Plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum: smooth and rough. Ribosomes and protein synthesis. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes. Mitochondria. Centriole. Cytoskeleton. Inclusions. Hyaloplasm. Nucleus. Nuclear envelope. Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell cycle. Biological actiìvities of cells. Mitosis. Meiosis.

Histology: Introduction to tissues. Epithelial tissue. Lining epithelia. Specializations of cells surface. Exocrine and endocrine glands. Particularly differentiated epithelia. Sensory epithelia. Connective tissue: general aspects. Loose connective tissue: cells and matrix. Cartilage. Bone. Osteogenesis. Blood: eritrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue. Nervous tissue. Neurons. Nerve fibers. Synapses. Neuroglia. Peripheral nerve terminals. Stem cells and differentiative potentialities. Cell differentiation and histogenesis. Tissue engineering.

Embriology: Introduction. Male and female gametogenesis. Early stages of the embryo development. Segmentation. Morula. Blastocyst and implantation. Placenta. The embryonic disk. Timing and 3D development of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. Embryo annexess. Organization of secundary mesoderm. The notocord and its role in embryo development. Ectoderm development. Endoderm development. Mesodern development. Morphogenetic mechanisms. Interactions between primitive layers and organogenesis with some examples: branchial apparatus, hypofisis, adrenal grands, gonads, eye. Causal embriology and concluding remarks.

Practice: Microscopical demonstrations and direct interactive practice at the microscope with slice preparations (small groups of students) are mandatory as integrative part of the course.

Exams: oral.

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Aula Scarpa - 1750

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